Piracetam was the first class of nootropic pills. It was primarily discovered in 1964, as a cognitive enhancer, by UCB, a Belgian pharm company. The research and development phase of the product was monitored by Dr Corneliu E. Giurgea the one, who coined smart drugs as nootropic. Piracetam is supposed to act as a memory enhancer it does so by increasing flow of oxygen and slowing the aging process of the brain. This, as a result decreases the risk of mental disorders. Piracetam is a pertinent product of the UCB and is sold around the world.

Purpose of Piracetam

Piracetam is sold around the world but its prime market is Europe. It is traded in both England and America. It can be purchased without the need of any prescriptions. It has even been considered as a dietary supplement in the American market. Its contributive aspects to increase brain capacity have made it a widely used substance for students. Academics usually purchase the drug to improve memory capacity. This is a short-term purpose of the drug. Piracetam does also tackle other aspects of health. These are:

• Coagulation
• Clotting
• Deep vein Thrombosis
• Vasospastic disorder

These are some of its explored usages. There are other derived advantages of the medicine/dietary supplement but these are the long-term ones. Furthermore, its complementary benefits have made piracetam a possible substitute for Warfarin. Warfarin is a drug used to treat chronic deep vein thrombosis. Piracetam is a nootropill with multi-dimensions and does improve well being.

Mechanism of Piracetam

The precise mechanism of piracetam is uncertain. The only known aspects of its functioning with the brain are that it increases both oxygen and blood flow across parts of the brain. This execution of actions does actutually improve the transmission of information via better neurotransmitter and the corpus collosum. It does simultaneously improve memory processing capabilities. This is a result derived from affecting various receptors within the brain that are geared towards assimilating and processing information. Piracetam does, actually make the brain more active as receptors are reverted to optimum. Piracetam gives boost to the brain faculties to augment its capacity.

Effects derived from Piracetam

Piracetam, apart from being tailored as a cognitive enhancer, does improve other aspects of health. It is reckoned to treat dyslexic children. This is improved mainly by the enhancement of cognitive communication sense in the brain. The drug has also appeared to be effective in treating post-stroke, epilepsy and other related physical conditions.

Piracetam Dosage

The nootropic pills for piracetam are provided in 800 mg capsules. Piracetam does also come in powder form. The powder form is expected to be as effective as the pills. There is no general guidance for the recommended intake. The usual expected intake of the drug varies from 1.5 to 9.5 grams daily which is equivalent to 2 to 12 pills a day. The methodology of its intake can be guided by a physician or health stores. The volume/strength will, however, have an effect upon the rapidity of its effectiveness.

Precautionary elements before consuming Piracetam

The drug might be inappropriate for people suffering from other health problems. For instance people who experience acute heamorrage or has undergone major surgery should avoid consuming priacetam. The extent of the side-effects might not be acute but considered harmful. Furthermore, people experiencing renal impairment should also consult a doctor before the initiation of the drug. As most of these health conditions are experienced by elder patients. They should consider health check and consultation, as an important option before consuming the drug. The dosage of piracetam must be regulated in accordance to personal conditions.

Piracetam Side Effects

There are only a few know side-effects of piracetam. These are all very mild and considered as insignificant harms to the detriment of personal health. The various clinical trials performed over months have apparently discovered no danger of the drug. It is rather a safe panacea for human beings.

The customer panel has indeed highlighted a particular effect of piracetam. The intake of the drug does slightly diminish tolerance to alcohol. This has been based on reports by users. Other issues such as headache due to high dosage can be alleviated by the use of other medications if ever encountered. The other general adverse effects of nootropic medication can be insomnia, nervousness and anxiety. These adverse effects are similar to those issues related to high caffeine intake.

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There have been two nobel prizes offered in relation to L-dopa. Arvid Carlsson, received a Nobel Prize in 2000 and in 2001, William S. Knowles earned one-fourth of a Nobel Prize for Chemistry. The substance was found to have strong contribution to the alleviation and treatment against Parkinsonian symptoms. It was found that it tended to hinder the development of the symptoms themselves.

L-dopa (levodopa) was introduced to the market in the 1960s. It has mainly acted as the most appropriate therapy medicine for Parkinson’s disease. Levodopa, itself is a natural matter which is present both in animals and plants. L-dopa works in a specific way. Once it enters our blood it goes through the blood barriers found in the brain and is then decarboxylated. L-dopa is an amino acid which is converted to dopamine, once, in the brain. Levodopa is a precursor to the substance dopamine. The depletion of dopamine provokes Parkinson’s disease. L-dopa does perfectly focus on increasing the level of dopamine and thus as a consequence, it alleviates Parkinsonian symptoms.

Levodopa is sold as a prescribed drug and a dietary supplement in the United State of America. The drug has been administrated to treat Parkinson’s disease but there are also substances found in levodopa making it a marine adhesive (utilized by pelagic life).

Function and Mechanism of L-Dopa

L-Dopa is consumed orally. Once taken, levodopa, the substance will infiltrate into our biological system. It will effectively bypass the “blood-brain barriers”. Instantaneously as the drug crosses the blood-brain barriers it is converted to dopamine. The increasing rectification of the level of dopamine in the brain results in positive effect on our mental health. A higher intensification of dopamine is expected to recover the nerves. This very increase in dopamine assists in the treatment against Parkinson’s disease. However, dopamine is produced in other parts of our body as well. The dopamine produced in the various other parts is highly linked with adverse effects of levodopa.

Side-effects of L-dopa

There are various possible adverse reactions that can be experienced by L-dopa. A list of some of the possible consequences has been highlighted below:

• Nausea
• Hair loss
• Depression
• Hypotension
• Hallucination
• Arrhythmias
• Amidst some less common

Levodopa is considered to have relatively few side-effects to other drugs created for the same intention such as dopamine agonists and anticholinergics. These drugs carry more deleterious effect in the treatment for Parkinson. Moreover, the volume of the dosage consumed will also be a factor which will highly influence the risk of grapping any negative reactions.

Research on L-dopa

Research has proven l-dopa to be generally safe for humans. The various research has reported a rise in cytotoxicity makers in rats. Another report depicts that an enhancement of the development of ‘quinones’ through a rise in auto-oxidation and subsequent cell death in mesencephalic cell cultures. These are all positive figures drawn from the research upon l-dopa.

Interactions of L-dopa

L-dopa is sensitive to vitamins and other drugs. The presence of vitamine B6 can alter the efficiency of L-dopa. Large dosage of B6 should thus be avoided while consuming L-dopa. This minor problem can be evaded with the consumption of Sinemet. Furthermore, people who are using other drugs such as tyrosine or phenylalanine might be forced to take a higher intake. A Study has depicted that amino acids products compete among themselves and as a consequence the effectiveness of L-dopa is reduced. This can be accommodated by increasing the dosage of levodopa. A similar relation will sustain with high or low level of dietary protein intake. It is preferable to balance the diet in accordance to specifications of the medicine. It is thus necessary to consult a professional doctor before evaluating the necessary dose of l-dopa to be consumed.

General Information about L-Dopa

Levodopa does increase the concentration of dopamine. The consumption of levodopa together with carbidopa assures that l-dopa will properly enter into the brain. Cabidopa does thus allow users to consume lower volumes of the drug. This will restrain the risk of possible side-effects such as vomiting or nausea. The recommended combinations of drugs used together with levodopa are sinemet or atamet consumed concurrently with carbidopa. This is the standard prescription to levodopa.

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ALCAR (Acetyle-L-Carnitine) is eventually an amino acid that is used by the body to change fat into the form of energy. The human body possesses its own capability of producing essential amount of this substance, carnitine, for our well being. This has eventually hindered proper evaluation upon the need to produce a secondary source of amino acid for our body. Nonetheless, research has depicted that consuming carnitine may boost the ability of tissues to manufacture energy. ALCAR can thus be used to treat health problems related to muscle and heart setbacks.

ALCAR can be generated from normal nutrition consumption. The best sources of carnitine are, however, dairy products and meat. L-carnitine is primarily beneficial to the brain. It does promote the brain’s ability to enhance energy in mitochondrion, which is the part that generates energy for cells. ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine) has several beneficial results while acting as a cognitive enhancer. It improves different abilities such as memory and mood. This is a derived outcome of its biosynthesis of acetylcholine. The part required for proper internal communication amidst cells in the brain, our neurotransmitters.

Indication of Dosage of ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine)

ALCAR can be taken as a supplement. In those cases, one or two capsules would be enough. It would in addition be preferable to consume it together with meals that are full of ‘Good Fats’. This will facilitate its absorption in the body. The dosage will, nevertheless, alter in accordance to its therapeutic treatment. The dosage for heart condition or Alzheimer’s disease will range from 200mg to 1000mg. The intake is, as well more frequent, two to three times a day.

Function of ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine)

Carnitine is used to alleviate predicaments. Its prime use is, nonetheless, to treat problems related to the condition of the heart. There is evidence showing that ALCAR is useful to treat problems such as angina and has successfully acted as a treatment to safeguard the life of people who have previously suffered from a heart attack. A list of other secondary function of acetyl-L-Carnitine has been highlighted below.

• Depression – Research has proven that acetyl-L-carnitine is effective in treating and relieving depression from elder people.
• Anti-anxiety – Apart from acting as an anti-depressant, it does similarly alleviate anxiety.
• Alzheimer’s disease – Carnitine might have some attributes helpful to treat Alzheimer’s disease but findings are inconsistent at the time)
• Peyronie’s disease – It is an inflammatory condition of the male organ (penis). Carnitine can reduce the pain and additionally decrease the speed of the degenerative effect of the inflammation of the penis.
• Improving the tolerance to exercise, especially for those who suffer from emphyserna. It is also known as COPD (chronic pulmonary obstruction disease).

Interaction of acetyl-L-carnitine

There are some drugs that will alter the effectiveness of ALCAR. For instance, antiseizure medications such as Depakote or Depakene (valproic acid) reduce the effectiveness of the drug. This means that more carnitine will have to be assigned if such drugs are being concurrently consumed. Moreover, acetyl-L-carnitine should not be consumed simultaneously with thyroid medications unless specified by a professional physician.

General Safety issues concerning acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR)

The drug should be prescribed by a doctor. This would certify better qualification for the drug exclusive of unwanted side-effect occurring. The most important aspect is that it shouldn’t be consumed together with thyroid. Special precautions must be considered for pregnant women and young children who are taking the drug. The best option is to go for a low dosage. Furthermore, it is not certain whether ALCAR should be consumed by people who suffer from either a kidney or liver disease.

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Picamilon is classed as a nootropic drug. It is thus geared towards treating several brain disorders such as enhancing vigilance, long term memory, brain trauma, attention and learning issues. Nootropic drugs focuses on progressing the cognitive abilities of the user. Picamilon is considered to be a preferred drug in the class, and it was first introduced in 1986. Moreover, picamilon is mainly made up of two substances which are Niacin (nicotinic acid) and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA).

The pharmacological features of the combination of ingredients in picamilon have made it highly popular amidst clinicians. Picamilon is most widely used in respect to its rapid ability to re-establish both physical and mental health. It helps employees who have been exhausted to re-focus on their work. Disturbances developed due to overstress and pressure at the work place is treated with this nootropic drug. Picamilon is considered to be highly effective in rectifying different types of cerebrovascular diseases (related to blood supply in brain). Its’ contribution exceeds that of other drugs such as piracetam, xanthinol and cinnarizine. This has promoted picamilon highly, both in sales and popularity among physicians and clinicians.

Effects and dosage of Picamilon

Picamilon will interact and act promptly in the body. The effects can be noticed within the hour. The drug will be most noticeably sustained for the first 4 to 6 hours. The normally assigned dose of picamilon is 50mg which should be consumed at respected intervals, three times a day. This volume will generate a mood stabilizing effect. A higher dose of 100mg, three times a day, will provide a boost in energy and endurance. The consumption of picamilon produces a cumulative effect. The improvement to health will become transparent after some weeks of usages. Picamilon has limited side-effects with a tremendously low level of toxicity.

Mechanism of Picamilon

Picamilon mechanism is common to other nootropic drugs. It augments the supply of blood while simultaneously enhancing the state of the cognitive functioning of the brain. It does besides improve the microcirculation (Blood flow in the smallest part of the body) and hemodynamics (the force of blood circulation) within various regions in the body. Picamilon does also possess all the prerequisite antioxidant and anti-hypoxic features of other nootropic drugs. These attributes are absolutely sustained in our tissues for an extensive period of time. Moreover, picamilon does not cause sleepiness and myorelacation to the body. It rather simply alleviates the side-effect of burnout-consequences developed from stress that affects our central nervous system.

Uses of Picamilon

Picamilon has proven to be effective in treating several disorders and health problems. The cure varies across cerebrovascular diseases and neurotic disorders. The most direct functions of picamilon have been listed below:

• Ischemic Disturbance
• Migraine (Treats simple migraine)
• Cerebral blood circulation
• Vegetative dystonia
• Discirculatory encephalopathy
• Neurotic level
• Anxiety
• Fear
• Emotional instability
• It can also treat alcoholic intoxication

The list of indication of picamilon is expanding rapidly. Clinical studies carried out have found that picamilon have an abundance of additional benefits. The broadening applications of the medicine have proven it to be a success in treating more than the above mentioned health conditions. It does apparently treat health problems such as retina, urination for adults and children, primary open glaucoma and even optic nerves.

General information about Picamilon

Picamilon has safely been used for over 10 years with massive clinical research and trials. Picamilon can be consumed as a medicine and equally as a supplement. It is expected that picamilon alleviates various health concerns not limited to those mention. The capacity of the medicine is pertinent to remain healthy individuals. However, it should be consumed singularly without any other type of related medicine. There is a risk of cross-reaction amidst medicine. It would be most appropriate to consult a doctor for professional advice if the case arises. The physician will be able to assign a proper dose for a specific cure. The strength of the dosage will influence the effectiveness of the therapy, that picamilon will be promoting.

The highest effectiveness of the medicine is achieved once consumed on an empty stomach. It gives the medicine purer power and as a result it generates better results. The results of consuming picamilon are cumulative, thus the highest yield will be seen after some weeks of continuous intake of picamilon.

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Alpha lipoic acid is a natural compound. It is an antioxidant, genuinely generated by our biological system. It is then spread and is eventually present in each single cell in our body. One of its roles is to convert glucose (blood sugar) into prominent energy. This energy is necessary for us, human, to remain active and in good conditions. Furthermore, antioxidant are matters that perform a vital function of fighting ‘free radicals’, the waste that are produced during the changing of glucose to energy. Alpha lipoic acid avoids free radicals, and ensures better protection of cells. The immune system is thus enforced against infections and other deleterious threats.

In the United State of America, research and clinical studies on human was initiated in the 1970’s trying to find out the benefits of ALA (alpha-lipoic acid) in treating human health problems. The study was carried out by the National Institutes of Health, which was monitored by Burton M. Berkson and Fredrick C. Bartter. An empirical research was administrated on a sample of 79 individuals, who were suffering from acute liver problems or damages. The sample was treated with the use of ALA. Astounding results showed that a total of 75 persons of the total of 79 had completely recovered. The damages were repaired and the functioning of the liver was back to a normal state. Alpha-lipoic acid was afterwards continuingly examined by Dr.Berkson, who had been appointed as member of the FDA. It was concluded that ALA was a proper treatment for chronic liver disease, viral hebatitis and even other illnesses.

Uses of ALA (alpha lipoic acid)

ALA has been identified to be effective in treating a range of health problems. These ranges from:

• Brain function – it prevents free radicals, thus safeguarding cells from the threats of being damaged
• Peripheral neuropathy – example diabetes, controls the level of blood sugar in the body
• Aging related issues – it protects cells from being damaged by free radicals
• Burning mouth syndrome
• Viral Hebatitis
• Stroke
• Glaucoma
• Liver damage

It is certain that antioxidant medicine treats other health concerns. These are some of its most devised purposes. The effectiveness in treating each of the mentioned health conditions depends upon the dosage. There is no confirmation that it will totally alleviate the health problems. The research on liver damage itself showed some unrepaired cases (4 out of 79). The study highlighted that 4 individuals were not fully recovered after the therapy. However, alpha lipoic acid remains an important drug in treating and alleviating illness, disease and damages inferred on internal cells.

Side effects of ALA (alpha lipoic acid)

ALA does not carry an intense list of adverse effects, but there are some common reactions that are experienced by patients under treatment of alpha lipic acid. These can be:

• Muscle pain
• Headache
• Skin rash and irritation
• Insuline autoimmune syndrome – Based on reports from Japan, but this one is considered to be extremely rare.

The progress of research has not yet clearly evaluated whether alpha lipoic acid is convenient for children or pregnant women. Moreover, proper evaluation of the risk associated with the drug, as a dietary supplement or in any other form, requires specialized advises from professional health care providers.

Interaction possibility that exist with ALA (alpha-lipoic acid)

There is always a risk that a negative reaction can be derived from a combination of drugs. It is thus pertinent to consult a health care provider before assuring the consumption of alpha lipoic acid.

Eventually, ALA (alpha-lipoic –acid) does influence the level of blood sugar (glucose) in the body. It decreases the presence of glucose, in respect to its mechanism to increase energy. This is attribute is positive for people who suffer from diabetes. However, if these individuals are consuming other drugs geared towards diabetes, ultimately diminishing blood sugar, then a combined effect can lead to hypoglycemia. It is a situation where a low level of blood sugar is present in the body. It is thus necessary to regulate the level of glucose in correlation to drug intake and availability of blood sugar within the body itself. This would reduce the risk of attaining a situation of hypoglycemia.

Furthermore, ALA can have a negative effect if consumed together with Levothyroxine. The reason for this particular relation is that alpha-lipoic acid tends to decrease the level of thyroid hormone. This particular research is heavily based on animal research. But the effect can absolutely be equal for human.

General information about ALA (alpha-lipoic acid)

Alpha lipoic acid does not need to be consumed. A health body can itself generate sufficient quantities of ALA for the body. However, a body in poor condition can lack the potential to produce the necessary amount.

ALA is mainly generated from the consumption of yeast, meats: especially organs such as liver and red meat. Moreover, the supplement is available in capsules. There is no recommend dosage. The volume will thus be inferred based on treatment purposes. For instance, for diabetes treatment a volume of 800mg daily would probably be assigned. For general intake the volume can be as low as 20mg to 50 mg per day.

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Stress is one of the most damaging problems that the modern world faces. Becoming more complex and deep-rooted as the pace of the world quickens, the problem has caused many people to suffer, often needlessly. There are certain Nootropics that can be used to lessen the impact of stress.

Stress is simply the effect of the outside world and events upon the person. Sometimes stress can be a good thing, as in competitive sport stress for example. At other times, stress can cripple the minds and bodies of people who are usually rational, clear-thinking individuals.

Public speaking is one of the biggest stressors in modern life. The fact that one has to stand up and present ideas and concepts in front of strangers or even peers is enough to reduce most people to gibbering wrecks.

Studies have shown that stressors can actually cause a variety of neurotransmitters to be released into the body. These transmitters can cause a massive surge of adrenaline to be released, among many other physiological effects. Adrenaline causes a rise in heart rate, and can be quite a stressor in itself.

However, stress is suffered by everyone to some degree. Most times it is not a problem; in fact it is arguable that we all need some stress in order to keep safe. The symptoms of excess stress can cause problems. One of the milder symptoms of stress is that of headaches. Many sufferers of stress complain of headaches, which do not last very long, but can be quite strong.

The more complex symptoms of stress include muscle tension and fatigue. The effect of the adrenaline rush alone can be quite draining, causing tiredness. Then there are the emotional and mental problems that stress can cause. Irritability and mood swings are common problems associated with stress.

More problematic are the behaviours that people under stress can find themselves indulging in. People who suffer from stress are likely to, in the long term, abuse alcohol and drugs. These behaviours cause many problems to the sufferers and the people around them.

Severe medical problems can then result. Even if the sufferer does not indulge in drugs and alcohol, the physical changes that can result from stress can, over time, become quite damaging to the body. Luckily, the Nootropics group of drugs have some impact on stress.

Nootropics can be used to fight stress in one of two ways. The most common way is that of helping people to manage the symptoms of stress and perform better during stressful situations. Nootropics can also be used to lessen the effect of those harmful symptoms that have a capacity to damage the life of the sufferer.

Anxiety is slightly different to stress in that it does not have quite the same impact. Social anxiety is the most common type of anxiety felt. This is what occurs when people find it difficult to enter a crowded room, for example. Other examples are when a person is unable to talk in a social situation, and may require drugs such as alcohol to relax first. Some Nootropics drugs are able to lessen the effects of anxiety, leaving the user able to enjoy social situations without having to rely upon drugs that are less positive.

There are a number of Nootropics that people have found to be useful in the fight against stress. What follows is a short list of those one might want to try. Some people have found that using just one Nootropic is enough. However, others have combined more than one and found the effect to be more dramatic and lasting. Experiment with a variety of Nootropics and doses if you are trying to deal with stress and anxiety, until you find the mix that works for you.

Nootropics that are useful against stress and Anxiety:

• Inositol, which is a B vitamin sugar with anti-anxiety effects.
• Kava Kava, which is a very powerful Nootropic that helps with stress
• Theanine, another powerful Nootropic that helps to relax the body.
• Niacin, which is a mood stabiliser. This is generally viewed as the most powerful Nootropic available in the areas of stress management.
• Rhodiola Rosea, which may be effective for improving mood and alleviating depression.

Remember to always consult with your doctor before taking on any new course of drugs.

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Part of the Nootropics family, and derived from a substance called GABA, Piracetam has become one of the most famous drugs of this ilk for a very simple reason. It has been shown in a very positive light when discussing the successful treatment of a number of ailments humans suffer, especially those that concern the brain and nervous system.

Coming with virtually no side effects, the drug has been shown to have a positive effect on ailments and illnesses such as Alzheimer’s, heart disease and Cerebral Palsy.

Piracetam acts on the central nervous system. It acts by protecting the cerebral cortex, and preventing a deficiency of oxygen in the brain. The cerebral cortex is responsible for many things when it comes to the operations of the human body, but primarily it plays a role in perception and memory.

Piracetam is available in liquid or tablet form, this makes it one of the more versatile Nootropics out there. People who have taken the substance attest to the benefit in having the option of taking the drug either as a liquid or a tablet.

There are a number of issues that need to be considered before one takes Piracetam. The issues are outlined below:

• You must let your doctor know if you intend to take this substance and you are pregnant. If you are trying for a baby, you must again let your doctor know.
• If you suffer from problems of any kind as regards the liver or kidneys, then you must make your doctor aware of this.
• If you have had an allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicine, then let your doctor know.
• It is especially vital that you inform your doctor you are taking any other medication or herbal supplement. This is due to the fact that there may be reactions with other drugs and substances. Your doctor can advise on this matter.

When you are taking Piracetam, there are a number of things you should be aware of. And remember; always tell your doctor if you have any concerns about any drug you are taking. If your doctor prescribes Piracetam for you, always ensure that you take the drug in exactly the same way the doctor has advised you to.

In addition, you must always read the manufacturer’s information leaflet that comes with the drug. If you can do this before you begin to take the substance, even better.

If you take the solution in the liquid form, you will find that it has quite a bitter taste. Many users find that drinking a glass of fruit juice or water after taking the liquid helps.

Other points to consider:

• Do not stop taking Piracetam suddenly. This can cause problems for you and your body. As with all drugs, let your doctor know if you intend to stop taking the drug. He or she will advise on a suitable stopping schedule.
• Never take more than the prescribed dose of Piracetam. If you or anyone you suspect takes more than the recommended dose, consult with a hospital immediately. And take the bottle or container with you, even if it is empty.
• Even if their condition appears to be similar to yours, or they express the wish to take the drug, never ever give Piracetam to anyone else.
• Keep the container the drug comes in out of the reach of children. Piracetam can make people drowsy, and will have a marked effect on children.
• If you have some Piracetam that is out of date, get rid of it at the earliest opportunity.

Some practical considerations as regards Piracetam then. If you have any doubt about taking the drug or the effect it has on you, consult a physician.

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Arguably the most wide spread and popular nootropic, Caffeine is noted for its cognitive enhancement abilities. The clichéd phrase ‘don’t speak to me until I’ve had my first coffee’ and variants thereof are a testament to the power of this perfectly legal drug, which is unregulated in most jurisdictions. The Western world is a particularly large consumer of caffeine, with over 90% of North American adults consuming caffeine on a daily basis.

Some claim that caffeine is not a ‘true’ nootropic because it effects the whole body rather than just the brain, but this would seem to be an argument of semantics. Caffeine is well documented for its action as a psychoactive stimulant.

As a nootropic, Caffeine stimulates short term memory and suppresses long term memory. This means that users of Caffeine may have trouble remembering events which occurred years ago, but will be particularly mentally acute in the exercises they are currently engaging in.

Taken in moderation, caffeine is an excellent nootropic with a relatively gentle but potent effect on its user. Those utilizing caffeine as a nootropic should nevertheless take care to regulate their intake as prolonged heavy use can lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, and extreme overdoses of caffeine can lead to sickness, psychosis and even death.

Caffeine Addiction

Withdrawal symptoms also become apparent in those who have become accustomed to taking regular doses of caffeine and then stop. Caffeine tolerance does not take long to develop. Within just four days of ingesting around four espressos per day will cause the body to develop a tolerance to the sleep disturbing effects of caffeine.

Regular caffeine intake leads to increased production of adenosine receptors. The result of this increased production is two fold. Firstly, the user no longer experiences the same effects from caffeine that she or he once did. Secondly, the user becomes more sensitive to adenosine, which is what causes the ‘withdrawal’ symptoms such as headaches, nausea and drowsiness. These symptoms can last for up to 5 days before abating.

The Dark Side of Caffeine

Of course, the effects of over indulging in caffeine can be severe. In nature caffeine protects plants by poisoning and paralyzing insects which try to feed on them. Humans can metabolize small amounts of caffeine without becoming ill, however in very large doses caffeine can cause sickness or even death.

Most people will experience unpleasant side effects long before they approach the point where they dangerously poison themselves or over stimulate their system, if they are ingesting caffeine in its most popular medium, coffee. Those taking high dosage caffeine pills may be less able to predict the effects of the dose before they take it.

The caffeine ‘jitters’ are a sign that an overdose of caffeine has already occurred. The technical term for this phenomenon is ‘caffeine intoxication’. Caffeine intoxication causes anxiety, muscle fluttering, rambling speech, sweating and a rapid heart beat amongst other symptoms. Extreme caffeine intoxication can even lead to psychosis and hallucinations. Lethal doses of caffeine are achieved in humans by consuming the equivalent of 80 to 100 cups of coffee.

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The last survivor of an ancient tree family, Ginko Biloba holds a special place as a nootropic substance. For many years all forms of Ginko were believed to be extinct, that is until small plantations were discovered in Eastern China. It now appears that these Ginko Biloba trees were planted intentionally by monks over a period of a thousand years or more.

The foresight of those monks means that the world now has access to what is a truly prehistoric plant. Most forms of Ginko died out in the Pliocene era, between 1.8 and 5.3 million years ago.

The discovery of Ginko Biloba trees in Eastern China heralded a surge in popularity. Ginko trees can now be found throughout much of Asia where they have proven to be very hardy, especially in high population areas plagued with smog and other forms of pollution. Ginko Biloba trees are so hardy that they were among the very few survivors of the Atom bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. In fact, those very same trees which withstood the incredible radioactive explosion that destroyed a generation are still alive and well today.

Ginko Biloba Benefits

Ginko Biloba is regarded by traditional herbalists as being an excellent nootropic capable of enhancing memory and concentration. For this reason it is an ingredient in many energy drinks the world over.

The Science of Ginko Biloba

The science around Ginko Biloba’s effects is murky however. Some studies indicate that it does indeed possess nootropic abilities, others assert that it has little to no effect on human cognitive abilities. Studies have been conducted to determine whether or not Ginko Biloba could be useful in combating Alzheimer’s, and in 2004 conference papers were released which referenced trials indicating that Ginko Biloba may have some potential to aid in the prevention of Alzheimer’s. In 2008 another study concluded that Ginko Biloba had no effect on existing dementia, however.

Of the studies which have returned positive results it would seem that Ginko Biloba has three potential mechanisms of action:

• Increasing blood flow
• Protection against free radicals (ionized agents which attack healthy brain matter and destroy the cells, slowly robbing a person of their cognitive abilities.)
• Blockage of platelet activating factors (ie, the agents which cause blood clots).

Ginko Biloba Warnings

Because of Ginko Biloba’s potential effects on the body, some people are not good candidates for Ginko Biloba. People who should avoid this plant include those with preexisting blood disorders, particularly those taking blood thinners. Ginko Biloba is also not recommended for pregnant women, nor anyone taking anti depressants.

Potential Side Effects

Though Ginko Biloba is generally considered to be relatively safe for the majority of the population, it can cause the following side effects:

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Stomach Ache
• Heart Palpitations

If any of these symptoms are experienced whilst consuming Ginko Biloba, stop immediately and do not resume. Some are more sensitive to Ginko Biloba extract than others.

Herbal Nootropics, Nootropic Supplements, Nootropics, Smart Drugs

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A natural nootropic, Vitamin B5 has been shown to increase memory function. It is a cholinergic substance which acts as a cofactor in the conversion of choline into acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Simply put, Vitamin B5 has an effect on neurotransmitter production and therefore on memory functions. People who are low in Vitamin B5 may find that memory function is impaired, along with a whole host of other bodily functions.

Where Is Vitamin B5 Found?

Vitamin B5 is found in high amounts in whole grain cereals, eggs, meat, legumes and royal jelly (food produced by bees for the larvae which will one day become queen).

Can I Overdose On Vitamin B5?

Overdoses of Vitamin B5 are unheard of. Ingesting large amounts of the substance may result in stomach aches and diarrhea. However there are no real benefits to be gained from flooding the system with Vitamin B5. A certain amount is needed for optimal function, any more than that is simply wasted.

Do Vitamin B5 Supplements Work?

Yes, if one’s diet is lackign in Vitamin B5, then supplements may be effective in rasing Vitamin B5 levels. Calcium Pantothenate is the form of Vitamin B55 commonly used in vitamin supplements and has been shown to have physical benefits as well as mental ones.

Nootropic Supplements, Nootropics, Smart Drugs

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