Piracetam was the first class of nootropic pills. It was primarily discovered in 1964, as a cognitive enhancer, by UCB, a Belgian pharm company. The research and development phase of the product was monitored by Dr Corneliu E. Giurgea the one, who coined smart drugs as nootropic. Piracetam is supposed to act as a memory enhancer it does so by increasing flow of oxygen and slowing the aging process of the brain. This, as a result decreases the risk of mental disorders. Piracetam is a pertinent product of the UCB and is sold around the world.

Purpose of Piracetam

Piracetam is sold around the world but its prime market is Europe. It is traded in both England and America. It can be purchased without the need of any prescriptions. It has even been considered as a dietary supplement in the American market. Its contributive aspects to increase brain capacity have made it a widely used substance for students. Academics usually purchase the drug to improve memory capacity. This is a short-term purpose of the drug. Piracetam does also tackle other aspects of health. These are:

• Coagulation
• Clotting
• Deep vein Thrombosis
• Vasospastic disorder

These are some of its explored usages. There are other derived advantages of the medicine/dietary supplement but these are the long-term ones. Furthermore, its complementary benefits have made piracetam a possible substitute for Warfarin. Warfarin is a drug used to treat chronic deep vein thrombosis. Piracetam is a nootropill with multi-dimensions and does improve well being.

Mechanism of Piracetam

The precise mechanism of piracetam is uncertain. The only known aspects of its functioning with the brain are that it increases both oxygen and blood flow across parts of the brain. This execution of actions does actutually improve the transmission of information via better neurotransmitter and the corpus collosum. It does simultaneously improve memory processing capabilities. This is a result derived from affecting various receptors within the brain that are geared towards assimilating and processing information. Piracetam does, actually make the brain more active as receptors are reverted to optimum. Piracetam gives boost to the brain faculties to augment its capacity.

Effects derived from Piracetam

Piracetam, apart from being tailored as a cognitive enhancer, does improve other aspects of health. It is reckoned to treat dyslexic children. This is improved mainly by the enhancement of cognitive communication sense in the brain. The drug has also appeared to be effective in treating post-stroke, epilepsy and other related physical conditions.

Piracetam Dosage

The nootropic pills for piracetam are provided in 800 mg capsules. Piracetam does also come in powder form. The powder form is expected to be as effective as the pills. There is no general guidance for the recommended intake. The usual expected intake of the drug varies from 1.5 to 9.5 grams daily which is equivalent to 2 to 12 pills a day. The methodology of its intake can be guided by a physician or health stores. The volume/strength will, however, have an effect upon the rapidity of its effectiveness.

Precautionary elements before consuming Piracetam

The drug might be inappropriate for people suffering from other health problems. For instance people who experience acute heamorrage or has undergone major surgery should avoid consuming priacetam. The extent of the side-effects might not be acute but considered harmful. Furthermore, people experiencing renal impairment should also consult a doctor before the initiation of the drug. As most of these health conditions are experienced by elder patients. They should consider health check and consultation, as an important option before consuming the drug. The dosage of piracetam must be regulated in accordance to personal conditions.

Piracetam Side Effects

There are only a few know side-effects of piracetam. These are all very mild and considered as insignificant harms to the detriment of personal health. The various clinical trials performed over months have apparently discovered no danger of the drug. It is rather a safe panacea for human beings.

The customer panel has indeed highlighted a particular effect of piracetam. The intake of the drug does slightly diminish tolerance to alcohol. This has been based on reports by users. Other issues such as headache due to high dosage can be alleviated by the use of other medications if ever encountered. The other general adverse effects of nootropic medication can be insomnia, nervousness and anxiety. These adverse effects are similar to those issues related to high caffeine intake.

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Aniracetam is a medicine which is also commonly branded as Sarpul and Draganon. Aniracetam is a cognitive enhancer, a nootropic drug which is considered to be at least 4 times more effective than Piracetam. The medication has been tested extensively in the past on various patients. The patients have suffered from Alzheimer and other mental troubles. Aniracetam has been a convenient drug to treat the issues. Aniracetam is a drug prescribed in Europe whereas in America it is considered as a dietary supplement.

Aniracetam intends to improve our immune system and acts as a protective defense against infections. This is done by augmenting the level of serotonin and dopamine in a part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex. The result is that it promotes well being.

Purpose of Aniracetam

Aniracetam has dimensions of benefits. Its underlining positive contribution to mental improvement is initiated as the medication improves communication in the human brain. This sensible attribute increases speed and capacity of the mind.

The various tests that have been carried out have proven aniracetam to be one of the most effective smart drugs available on the market. Smart drugs or nootropic is a class of drug which acts as cognitive enhancers. They do act on the mind of people and as consequence of its actions, it alleviates memory disparity, brain aging and enhances concentration.

Mechanism of Aniracetam

Aniracetam is a drug considered to have few loopholes. It is a better version of piracetam, as it is far more potent in alleviating concentration problems with a lesser dosage. It is purported to augment recalling capacity and develop creativity. The key behind its powerful mechanism is that it improves communication within the brain. This is done through the corpus callosum which is a specific area of the brain that joins the two hemispheres which are the left and right part of the brain. The interconnection of these two segments does give the human an intrinsic capacity to think. The side of the brain focusing on logic and the other on creativity are joined together and effectively greater mental abilities are emerged as a result.

The intriguing improvement on memory capacity as a result has its subsidiary benefits. It helps to alleviate or treat Alzheimer to a certain extent depending on the nature of the disease. The type and stage of the disease will also determine the effectiveness of the drug.

Dosage of Aniracetam

The drug is sold in mainly 750mg pills. It is recommended to take an approximate of 2 per day. This gives a total dosage of 1500mg per day. The drug should not interact with other drugs but it might interact with other brain nutrition. It is thus best to stick to a particular product rather than taking various nootropic products.

Side effects of Aniracetam

One of the virtues of the consumption of aniracetam is that it has few side-effects. It is considered as non-toxic and as an outcome. There are practically no known contradiction associated with the drug. However, there might be some, which has not yet been identified by research and users. It is indeed certain that cross-reaction of similar drugs is an issue. The consumption of different smart drugs will endanger the health condition of the consumer. The extent of the harm will depend upon the mixture of the two products. It is thus, important to seek specialized advice from a physician if the user is under any other special treatments.

General Information about Aniracetam

The advantages derived from consuming nootropic products such as aniracetam are vivid. Their positive aspects to the mind are limitless but the smart drugs are indeed not perfect. Aniracetam does eventually not cope with all issues related to the aging process. This might be quite normal but yet an aspect which can be improved. Aniracetam has, however, been tested extensively on both animals and humans and the results have been proven affirmative. There is thus low risk of side-effect and adverse consequences.

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Huperzine A is the name given to a traditional medicine or substance which has been used for centuries in China. Chinese has used the medicine to treat various health problems such as inflammation, fever, muscle strain and arthritis (rheumatological conditions). The substance huperzine A is a moss, an alkaloid, extracted from a plant called huperaine serrata. It was only in 1948 that Chinese scientists began to examine the substance in-depth.

The name of the substance is pronounced HOOP-ur-zeen. However, there are other names that are associated to huperzine A which are: Chinese clubmoss, Hup A, Huperzia serrata, Qian Ceng or Shuangyiping. Huperzine A has some interesting components just like cholinesterase inhibitors. This similar substance has recently promoted the popularity of huperzine A in the western world. It is potent to act as a therapy or a treatment for Alzheimer disease at an early stage. This has launched expert research.

Research on Huperzine A

Huperzine A was primarily been tested on animals. The guiding conclusion was that it helped to enhance the memory capabilities of animals. The outcome promoted an eventual extension of the research, and it was subsequently tested on human beings. The main focus on the research was towards treating Alzheimer’s disease with huperzine A. It was also concluded later that it acted as cognitive enhancer for people who do not suffer from any diseases as well.

The various tests that were performed, found that huperzine A helped to treat people with dementia. The substance was also effective in alleviating other memory disorders. The increasing trials carried out on different groups established confusing results. The significance of the results was not strong, as the trials themselves were poorly designed. It led to consistency among results and its precise function was not certain. However, what was made certain was that Huperzine A does improve memory in people who are in a healthy condition.

Mechanism of Huperzine A

Huperzine A works in a specific way. It does provisionally hinder an enzyme which is named acetylcholinesterase to damage the functioning of the brain. Acetylcholinesterase is found in the spinal cord and in red blood cells.

Acetylcholinesterase is commonly known as cholinesterase and is found inside the brain. It does actually split down acetylcholine, neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are responsible for the internal communication between nerve cells. The breaking down of acetylcholine decreases cognitive abilities, leading to memory loss and other related mental disorders. Huperzine A is beneficial as it hinders the breaking down process of neurotransmitters. While huperzine A protects the acetylcholine, memory is enhanced as a result. The neurotransmitters do also remain more active and present in the brain.

The drug is being recommended as a treatment for both general memory enhancement and even dementia.

Huperzine A Precautions

It is always necessary to contact a doctor for professional advises before consuming the substance. It is necessary to properly inform your doctor about your actual conditions. These may include a discussion about actual treatments, allergies, pregnancy issues, hypertension, or any other diseases that may have encountered in life. The revelation of critical information will help the physician to give valuable advice whether or not to take huperzine A.

Dosage and Storage of Huperzine A

This substance can be taken in various dosages. The doctor or caregiver will assign the amount that should be consumed. The medicine itself should be kept away from children. It should even be placed away from the exposure of direct sunlight. It should be kept in normal room temperature if not colder.

Side effects of Huperzine A

The substance can evoke some side-effects. It is important that you cease to consume the medicine if ever you encounter health concerns such as chest pain, experience breathing issues and if rash appears on your body. Huperzine A can also provoke effects such as diarrhea, insomnia and even hyperactivity. These can all be causing some slight harm to the patient. Although the occurrence of the impacts is infrequent, patients should know the symptoms to be able to evaluate whether the medicine is appropriate for them.

General information about Huperzine A

Huperzine is a single natural substance which is extracted from plants. The NIA (National Institute on Aging) has been performing tests on this substance since 2004. They are concentrating on making it a mild treatment for Alzheimer. It has already shown positive results.

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Modafinil was developed by Cephalon, Inc, a biopharmaceutical company which was established in 1987. The drug “modafinil” is branded as either Provigil or Alertec. The medication itself was approved in 1998, by FDA. It was developed to treat sleeping disorder, tiredness during day time and people suffering from problems such as narcolepsy and cataplexy (Abrupt loss of control over muscles in the body). The functioning of the drug is quite similar to other related products. Modafinil releases substances called monoamines and at the same time it increases the level of hypothalamic histamine. This makes modafinil a CNS (central nervous system) stimulant and a drug helping to remain awake with concentration and focus.

Purpose of Modafinil

The main purpose of modafinil is to treat problems such as, too much sleepiness related to narcolepsy, obstructive sleep, cataplexy, and shift work sleep disorder. There was a previous drug called, amphetamines, Modafinil is an improved version of that wakefulness drug. Modafinil does also possess less adverse effect than its former. The drug is intended to treat most problems related to sleepiness.

General Description of Modafinil

This drug is consumed orally and works similar to caffeine. Modafinil does primarily promote wakefulness but it does also treat other dilemmas related to sleepiness. It is considered as a treatment for depression, fatigue, Alzheimer disease and ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). The drug is thus, prescribed for individuals suffering from different forms of predicaments.

Modafinil Dosage

Modafinil comes mainly in two volumes/strengths. These are pills of 100mg and 200mg. It is recommended to consume an approximate of 200mg to 400 mg per dosage. The recommended 200mg is supposed to be as effective as a higher dosage unless other factors are interfering. Physicians who prescribe the drug will purport and advice its consumption in the morning. This can be with or without food.

Precautions before taking Modafinil

There are some precautionary measures that should necessarily be adopted. Foremost, one should contact a doctor for professional guidance. The physician will certainly be capable of giving proper guidance and instruction of the usages of the drug. As modafinil may provoke some slight side-effect, the physician could ideally highlight the symptoms while examining the medical history of the patient. People who have previously suffered from issues such as high blood pressure, irregular heart beat, kidney troubles and mental diseases should definitely cross-check compatibility. Other issues which can concurrently be harmful such as allergies, pregnancy and maybe angina must be evaluated in respect to modafinil intake. People who are consuming the drug for their first weeks should not perform any heavy duties, such as long hours of driving and working, as the side-effects are still uncertain.

Modafinil Side effects

Modafinil is considered based on research as a generally safe medication. There are, however, different levels of side-effects which can occur, those which are most common, less common and highly uncommon. The common side-effects that individuals consuming modafinil may be exposed to are nausea and headache. The rather less common adverse effects are insomnia, nervousness, anxiety, back pain, depression and dizziness. These are the most typical negative facets of modafinil.

The more extreme and rare side-effects are linked with long-term corrosion of health. These are anorexia, hypertension, chest pain, and alteration in the heart beat. At the continuum of negative consequence DRESS (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) syndrome and most severely SJS (Stevens Johnson syndrome) can be caught.

The experience of any of these problematic issues requires immediate consultation with a doctor.

Modafinil interactions with other drugs

Modafinil is effective in executing its purpose. It is reckoned be one of the best performing wakefulness drugs. Despite its performance, the drug should not be consumed together with other various drugs. Deleterious consequences can be experienced due to cross-interaction of medicine. A list of some drugs that should be avoided during modafinil treatment has been identified below.

• Antibiotics
• Anti-depressants
• Hormonal contraceptives
• Anti-fungals
• Propranolol
• Cyclosporine

These are a few examples of drugs that should not be taken concurrently with modafinil.

Furthermore, modafinil will also have an impact on birth control pills. It is thus advised to adopt alternative contraceptives for birth control while consuming modafinil. The general effect that modafinil will have on other drugs is that it will either act as a catalyst; increasing the strength of other drugs, or it will decrease the effectiveness of other medicines.

Research has not yet, proven if any side-effects are derived from consuming modafinil simultaneously with alcohol.

General Modafinil Usage

The drug is used for both personal and occupational purposes. Occupations that are associated with high risk have been the most prone to try the medicine. The military of many countries has already adopted the use of ‘wakefulness’ pill. These include grand nations such as French, United Kingdom and the United State of America. The aim of the usage of the drug is to avoid various harmful issues that can be derived from sleepiness. For instance, during tedious helicopter flights, tiredness is a concern regarding the security of all passengers and the pilot, himself. An obstruction such as falling asleep could endanger several individuals. Equivalent risks are present during military scenarios where abrupt fights can emerge and sleep can be a major cause of failure. Modafinil is playing an important role in securing life of the beholder.

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Ritalin (methylphenidate) is a substance which was developed by experts in a laboratory and patented in 1954. Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation is the company producing ritalin in the U.S. Ritalin is a widely prescribed drug. In the United States of America alone an approximate of 2.5 million individuals, both adults and children, consume Ritalin. This prescribed drug is branded for methylphenidate. Methylphenidate is actually being produced by several companies. The generic drugs produced by other companies are highly similar and are available at a lower cost.

Purpose of Ritalin

Ritalin is mainly used to treat two types of disorders ADD (Attention deficit disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Scientists believe that people do suffer from either of the two disorders because they lack some chemicals substances in their brain. The lack of the chemicals hinders proper use of the neurotransmitters (nerves communicating in the brain) and ritalin helps to revitalize this lack. Ritalin is only a temporarily cure for ADD and ADHD. It does not act as a permanent solution.

Classification of Ritalin

The United State, DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) ranks methylphenidate as a second class drug. Drugs are ranked by the association of harm, in scales ranging between 1 and 4. Ritalin is thus a controlled and regulated substance which can only be bought with the prescription by a doctor. The substance does thus carry equivalent side-effects such as amphetamine, which imposes breathing and heart problems. The drug is thus illegal for general consumption, similarly to other drug in the same class such as cocaine, opium and morphine. The interesting point is that users consuming the drug can become addict to it. However, people with either ADD or ADHD do not have this particular concern. They cannot become addict to Ritalin.

Drugs interacting with Ritalin

Ritalin is classified as a second grade drug. It has some various implications when interacted with other drugs. First of all, methylphenidate should not be consumed together with MAO inhibitors. This is because Ritalin will have various effects on the actual blood pressure. This implies that methylphenidate may diminish the strength of drugs that are geared towards treating hypertension. It is highly advised not to consume ritalin together with clonidine. The negative effect can be drastic although no apparent casualty has been encountered yet.

Side effects of Ritalin

There are various side-effects associated with ritalin. The ones that are most frequently experienced are both insomnia and nervousness which do stimulate sleeping troubles. There is list of other less frequent adverse effects of ritalin below:

• Anorexia
• Palpitations
• Alteration in both blood pressure and heart beat
• Nausea
• Angina
• Abdominal pain
• Hypersensitivity (fever, skin rash among others)
• Dizziness
• Weight loss

There have even been reports of highlighting a possibility link to Tourette’s syndrome. The link has, however, not been established. The most rarely occurring side-effect is NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome). There has eventually only been one report showing this particular drawback of ritalin. It is unclear how and why this shortcoming occurred. But ritalin can cause other weakening health effect to the human, apart from those listed above. The above ones are the reported and unveiled drawback of ritalin.

General information about Ritalin

Ritalin is mainly sold in capsules of 5mg, 10mg and up to 20 mg. These are taken usually more than once during a day, two or three times daily. The drug is, nevertheless, sold today by various producers and the form and strength of the ritalin may differ. This particular medicine should however, not be consumed by children below the age of 6 and by people who are prone to any of the above mentioned side-effects.

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Vasopressin is a substance which is known under several names. The common acronyms are AVP (Arginine vasopressin) and ADH (Antidiuretic hormone), otherwise it is called argipressin. Vasopressin is actually a peptide hormone. These types of hormone are present in human as well as in many other mammals. The substance is developed in the hypothalamus and stocked up in our posterior pituitary. It is then gradually infused into either our brain or our blood stream.

Function of Vasopressin

Vasopressin has various functions. One of its paramount significance is to actually make sure that water is retained in the body. The substance AVP is released in the body in cases of dehydration. This does eventually promotes the kidney to preserve water. The effect is that urine becomes concentrated and the quantity released is diminished. However, a high concentration of urine is deleterious. It can actually cause blood pressure to increase. This eventually implies that it can have some related neurological effects on our mind. The brain is affected positively or negatively by emits of different volumes of vasopressin. Other mammals such as pigs have a substance called lysine vasopressin, it is similar to our own vasopressin substance and it carries out the same function as for human.

Vasopressin in our nervous system

Vasopressin has various effects on our nervous system. These are related to both memory and other cognitive issues. Vasopressin is thus considered as an interesting nootropic substance. It can improve our psychological behaviour. However, vasopressin has proven to play a crucial role in social behaviour as well. The latest finding, highlights that vasopressin has its contribution during sexual intercourses. It has another specific factor which actually initiates aggressiveness between different males. This was examined, on different type of animals, as the level of vasopressin differed heavily in promiscuous and monogamous species; their aggressiveness had a correlative trend. Vasopressin determines social behaviour to a certain extent as it has been shown amidst males.

Vasopressin ability to improve health

Vasopressin has a primordial role in our biological system. A diminished availability of vasopressin would make human more prone to disease. Diseases that we are normally exposed to are diabetes insipidus, augmenting sodium in the blood, highly level of urine production (polyuria) and continuous thirst (polydipsia). These can harm people with a low level of vasopressin.

A high level of vasopressin can also have some dreadful effect on health. It can cause hyponatremia, which is a low level of blood sodium. The result of this can be emergence of brain diseases and lung problems. There are other medication such as syntocinon and anti-emetics which do actually develop the same effects as a surplus of vasopressin secretion.

Vasopressin ability to improve relationship

The Karolinska Institution in Stockholm made a fabulous founding on vasopressin. They discovered that receptors of vasopressin found in the brain had an important impact on relationship. The research was mainly carried out by contrasting males with the variant of, 1a gene, vasopressin receptor. It was concluded that people possessing this variant 1a gene, had in average poor relationship with their partners. Vasopressin acts as a reward system; it promotes mating to take place. It does somehow motivate males to interact with females that they have mated with. The vasopressin acts as a social motivation after copulation and does not increase desire or motivation for sexual activities. This research was later carried out on men. The finding was that people possessing a certain variant called ‘Allele’ had tremendously low average score in their relationships. Most of them had undergone martial crisis such as divorce. Vasopressin highlights an important aspect on human relationship. However, Dr John Lucas, at the Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, highlighted that there are more than a single gene that influences human behaviour. Human behaviour is influenced by multiple genes with the direct interaction to the environment as well.

The finding remains phenomenal as it depicts the degrees of satisfaction, cohesion and care amidst partners. Vasopressin has an important role in relationship both for human and other mammals in their mate bonding.

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Idebenone is a safe and effective antioxidant drug that people can consume. It is in reality a natural compound derived from the family of quinone. The substance does actually have quite similar characteristics to CoQ10 (coenzymeQ10), in relevance to antioxidant. It is used in Europe to treat degenerative health concerns in correlation to our central nervous system. There is no proven distinction between the effectiveness of either coenzymeQ10 or idebenone. They are probably equally effective. Research has pointed out that idebenone may be appropriate to treat friedreiche’s ataxia which is an inherited disease developed through incremental damage of our nervous system.

Function of Idebenone

Idebenone is a nootropic drug, which is categorized as a cerebral stimulant. It can actually enhance energy level in the brain that propagates refreshing effects through our body. Idebenone is similar to CoQ10. This is a crucial antioxidant element containing lipid (fatty) membranes, which does actually encircle our cell. It does eventually surround both large and small cells. This gives the cells a shield protecting them from harmful substances.

Idebenone plays a fundamental role while blood circulation is drastically decreased in our body. This is apparent during occurrences such as stroke and trauma. The mitochondrial oxygen (O2) will eventually fall rapidly in the area of distress. This will evoke free radical damages to organelle structures. It will also flux the functioning and stop ATP energy generation which is generated though our electron transports chain. The cells in the human brain can be affected drastically by such deleterious damages. Empirical research has proven that idebenone can hinder such ‘free radical damage’ and so it can sustain usual ATP levels in cells.

The importance of Idebenone

Idebenone has various functions. It is not limited to being simply an anti-aging medicine. It does eventually promote other aspects. It acts as a cognitive enhancer, energy enhancer and it does also protect organs. The precise methodology of how the improvements are done is uncertain. The only certain thing is that it does work similarly to CoQ10 (coenzymeQ10), it protects the cells found in our brain and other parts of our body. There have been various research carried out on rats, that have shown that while protecting cells, the vigilance of the brain cells remains sustained and unharmed. The result is that the brain will remain younger and more active. This is how it improves the overall well being of our mind while simultaneously diminishing the aging effect.

Idebenone dosage

It is recommended to consume portions 30 mg of idebenone for 2 to 3 times per day. The volume will vary according to the purpose of consuming the drug.

Side effects Idebenone

The drug has shown few signs of harmful effect on animals. There is indeed a possibility that dizziness, anxiety, headaches and gastrointestinal disturbances can affect the health. In general these adverse effects should rarely occur. Idebenone is considered as a safe drug.

Precautionary Measures

The idebenone should not be consumed by pregnant women. It is also advised that a doctor should assign the dosage of the drug to be consumed. This will secure your cells to optimum evolution with a minimum potential of any harmful effects.

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Nicergoline is a nootropic medicine which is actually being marketed under Sermion. This is considered to be an anti-aging and a cognitive enhancer drug. Nicergoline is actually being used to treat senile dementia as it is an ergoloid mesylate derivate which improves human cognitive abilities. The medicine has been proven to be extremely effective in boosting agility. This is delineated by better perceptiveness and clarity in the mind. Nicergoline does, in summary enhance cognitive abilities such as concentration, perception and clarity of thoughts. The drug itself has been widely tested in Japan and this has made it a famous drug among Japanese.

However, Nicergoline is a nootropic medicine quite different from ‘Hydergine”. Hydergine mechanism of functioning is that it stabilizes oxygen and as a result mental capacity is enhanced. It is thus simply a mental booster. Nicergoline has its competitive advantage of instilling vigilance, perceptiveness and critical thinking through clarity of mind.

Mechanism of Nicergoline

The medicine operates through a simple methodology. Nicergoline has an attribute which improves vascular circulation within the human brain. This actually progresses the functioning of nerves signals. As a result, it will give rise to more acetylcholine. The neural transmitter will automatically improve the condition of the mind. It will simultaneously alleviate disorders developed in the brain as the alpha-adrenolytic will proceed by improving arterial flow, enhance the use of oxygen and glucose within the brain through its metabolism.

Tests have been performed on animal. They have all shown astounding result. The ‘aged brain’ does experience a growth of nerves. This has actually given nicergoline a wider scope of benefits.

Benefits of Nicergoline

Nicergoline, is used to treat various issues related to the brain. Its recent discoveries have made it a good treatment for migraine which has been developed due to vascular source. It also facilitates blood irrigation and circulation in different parts of the body such as the lung. Furthermore, it treats other blood related dilemmas. One of them is ‘transient ischemia’ which is defined by difficulties associated with blood supply.

Nicergoline Precaution

There are some potential users of the drug which should take mild precautions before consuming the drug. These people are those who suffer from:

• Heart problems (myocardial infarction)
• Bradyacardia
• Acute Bleeding
• Hypertension
• And a few other

The consultation of a professional physician is advised. It will decrease the risk of abrupt side-effects that are indeed uncommon with nootropic products. They can, however, be instigated in case the patient is suffering from the above health conditions.

Side effects of Nicergoline

The ranges of adverse-effects of nicergoline are limited. There are still risks of some mild side-effects. These are often linked with an overdose of the drug which can provoke issues such as: stomach upset, dizziness, insomnia and hypotension. It is thus certain that regulation of the intake of the strength of the dosage is important. A combination of nootropic products is not advised. It can have an influence upon the strength of the dosage so a doctor should be consulted in such a case.

Nicergoline Dosage

Nicergoline is consumed orally. It is actually sold in two forms capsules of 5-10mg or in a container with both one, bottle of solvent and vial of powder. The general advised consumption of the drug is 1 to 2 pills or above 20 drops but less than 40. Nicergoline should be consumed at precise intervals through out the period of treatment. The dosage is, however, regulated for certain therapies such as senile dementia, where the dosage is quite high 30-60mg per day. Nicergoline needs to be consumed over a period of time. The expected time of the treatment will be specified by a doctor and it will be based on its purpose.

General Information on Nicergoline

Nicergoline should be kept in room temperature. The date of expiration is specified on the container. The powder will only be appropriate for consumption for 30 days after its preparation. It is necessary to keep the medicine away from children. Furthermore, women who are pregnant should take various precautions. It is always necessary to consult a physician before consuming nicergoline.

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Centrophenoxine is the combination of two compounds DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) and pCPA (parachlorophenoxyacetate). These two compounds are natural. DMAE is primarily found in fish and other natural meals. It is also a natural substance (metabolite) developed by the body. pCPA is a synthetic compound. It is very similar to different types of plant hormones. They are called ‘Auxins”. This is thus a nootropic medication. It acts against aging and is a cognitive enhancer. Centrophenoxine has been studied for more than 3 decades and it is now a commonly used anti-aging drug in Europe.

Purpose of Centrophenoxine

The drug has been proven very effective in treating a range of human dysfunctions. These can range from stroke to brain injuries. The drug also has the ability to safeguard the user against the harm that can be imposed by different modern toxic chemicals in our environment. Lately, Centrophenoxine has been used to treat old animals, which are in good condition. The drug does actually decrease the presence of lipofuscin in cells that are found in the heart and brain. Lipofuscin, itself is a substance which is grown in tarnished (old) cells. The life spans of animals that have been treated with centrophenoxine have experienced a longer life-span. The various research carried out on animals have shown both improving learning abilities and brain enhancing activities. There are vital membranes that are protected while consuming centrophenoxine. The various experiences have proved that it is an important substance which improves the body’s defense to various health concerns.

Centrophenoxine treats Senile Demantia and Memory loss

Centrophenoxine is a regular drug used to treat senile dementia. This drug does actually prevent the emergence of mental deterioration. It is thus an effective medication to alleviate various mental cognitive problems and enhance brain performance. The reduction of lipofuscin in our nerve cells does enhance our agility.

Senile dementia is far beyond simply damaged nerve cells, which is part of the aging process. There are other similar propagations of degenerative damaged caused to various part of our central nervous system. Centrophenoxine acts as a stimulant which increases the availability of glucose in the brain. This does actually rectify some of the damages caused by damaged cells. Cells are revitalized and thus become more effective. The mind is tuned to better performance and is protected against aging facets. The nerve cells are optimized, while being under the direct influence of the substance centrophenoxine.

Additional Function of Centrophenoxine

The theory “membrane hypothesis of aging” plays an important role in describing the aging process. The aging process does actually decrease the level of mineral potassium that both enters and exits cells. The outcome of such an event is that potassium rises and other essential proteins are diminished in supply. The incrementing level of potassium will slowly introduce crossed linking damage within the cell membrane. With time the cells will be unable to get rid of components which have being damaged. It is then, that lipofucin will begin to influx the cells.

This drug does actually cope with this eventual phenomenon. Centrophenoxine decreases the cumulative increase of age deposits. It does also infuse in the cell membranes of the brain. This gives it the ability to protect the cells against cross linking effects. The result of centrophenoxine is that it will increase short and long term memory while concurrently improving mental vigilance.

Dosages of Centrophenoxine

The recommended intake of centrophenoxine is usually one or two capsules of 250mg per day. The dose will, however, depend upon the intended purpose of taking the drug. People who consume centrophenoxine to treat senile dementia are recommended to take four capsules of 250mg during the interval of a day.

Centrophenoxine Side Effects

Centrophenoxine is not a dangerous drug. It can, indeed, carry some shortcomings. Some of the drawbacks can be developed due to the characteristics of medicine itself. As it is a strong cognitive enhancer, it can increase the level of acetylcholine which in itself can lead to shoulder muscle tension, irritability, agitation, restlessness, insomnia and headaches. While, a patient comes across any of these concerns, it would be appropriate to temporarily stop the consumption of centrophenoxine for a few days and then resume treatment. The resumption can be with a lower dosage as an over-dose of centrophenoxine can also emit muscle pains and the above mentioned issues.

General information concerning Centrophenoxine

This is an effective nootropic drug which increases mental capacity and acts as treatment against several brain disorders. However, people who have a controversial medical history should consult a doctor prior to presuming that centrophenoxine is the right drug to consume. People who suffer from epilepsy and high blood pressure should not consume the drug. This does also stand for pregnant women and children. General consultation with a doctor would be advised before taking the drug.

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Deprenyl is mainly known as selegiline. It is a drug which is used to treat different diseases such as depression, senile dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Deprenyl was mainly discovered in the 60s by Joseph Knoll, who worked at a University in Budapest, Hungary. He was interested in performing a particular research on the variance of the physiology of ‘drives’ among both high and low performing persons. In order to successfully execute the empirical research, a special combination of a molecule was required. Those which resulted in a similar effects as amphetamine psycho-stimulant and combined with that of monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOI) acting as “psycho-energic”. The selected molecule for this research was E-250 which is deprenyl. It has some special features. The molecule does not alter blood pressure. It is a compound called racemic, which consists of 2 isomers namely enantiomers. There is a (+) – enantiomer and a (-) – enatiomer, of deprenyl. The latter resulted in less hypermotility than the former. The (-) – enantiomer (R-deprenyl, I-deprenyl) is today named Selegiline. Deprenyl is used in various medicines, as a treatment against depression and other brain ageing dilemmas.

How the brain gets old

The human brain does usually initiate its ageing process post to the age of 45 years. This is a universal phenomenon. There is a part in the brain called the nigrostriatal region. This area of the brain has the highest level of dopamine and it is thus this area which is the fastest ageing area of the brain. The age of the brain is associated with the depletion of dopamine. This implies that people whose nigrostriatal region experiences a premature decrease of dopamine can encounter diseases such as Parkinson.

Dopamine neurons become old at different rates, there is no constant variable of decrease. It is common that the level of dopamine remains stable within the nigrostriatal region until the age of 45. The normal trend of depletion of the substance in health individuals are 13% per decade. The decrease does though accumulate during years, and when it reaches around 30%, a gray area can be spotted in the head. It is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. The average decrease in dopamine amidst individuals is 13% per decade but this rate does however vary from individual to individual. There are some who experience a more rapid eradication of dopamine. These individuals who experience a rapid vanishing of dopamine will face the Parkinson’s disease. Others, who undergo a typical decrease in the substance, will normally die prior to the appearance of the disease. This particular research was mainly projected by Dr. Jozsef Knoll. He is a very important and revolutionary researcher on Deprenyl. He came forward with a long-term strategy to avoid Parkinson’s disease as he predicted that deprenyl could avoid the nigrostriatal region to experience the ageing effect post to the age of 45 years.

Function of Deprenyl

Selegiline (deprenyl) can act as protectionism against the ageing process which is caused by a deterioration of the dopaminergic nervous system. Deprenyl does eventually protect sensitive dopamine containing neurons. This decreases the risk of suffering from an aging process. Deprenyl is the prime discovery of MAO-B inhibitors. It is the only MAO-B inhibitor that has been extensively tested in clinical trials.

Research and test on deprenyl

Deprenyl hasn’t yet been tested thoroughly on people. Deprenyl has been tested extensively on animals and the results have been positive. The effect of deprenyl has been tested on rodents. The effect was been astounding. The entire controlled group of animal actually deceased before the ones that had been treated with deprenyl. The various researches extended to humans and they have showed signs of similar patterns. It delays the development of Parkinson’s disease and does eventually postponed the requisite for L-dopa therapy. Deprenyl has been among the best treatment to extend the life of individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

General Information about Deprenyl

Deprenyl have various uses. It helps to improve life-span of people in various circumstances. Initially, it is a recommended and approved treatment for Parkinson’s disease by FDA. It does also have some aphrodisiac effects; it ameliorates sexual desire and functioning, mainly for men. The substance is heavily being researched. Analysis has found it to be effective in treating various diseases. Some of the health problems that deprenyl alleviates are:

• Stroke (cerebral infarction)
• Hormone inadequacy
• Fatigue
• Gastric ulcers
• Sexual disorder
• Cancer
• Senile Dementia
• Learning Difficulties
• Hypertension
• Chronic pain
• Multiple sclerosis
• Depression
• Alzheimer’s disease

General Dosage of Deprenyl

General dosage of deprenyl does vary according to its intended purposes. Those who consume it for the purpose of avoiding deleterious disease such as Alzheimer and Parkinson’s disease will probably be assigned a dose of approximately 20 mg. per day. People who do not suffer from any of these diseases will be assigned a dose of either 2.5mg and up to 5mg at random intake per week. The liquid deprenyl citrate is considered to be the most substantial form of deprenyl. It is, thus, the most recommended prescription of deprenyl.

Deprenyl Side Side effects

Deprenyl has few side-effects but some eventual problems might arise. These can be for instance, issues such as nausea, upset stomach and heartburn. The rather uncommon adverse effects of deprenyl are psychomotor agitation, irritability and insomnia. It is thought that these effects are derived because of the deprenyl catecholamine-enhancing effect. These ‘psychic’ effects can be dealt with by the consumption of magnesium.

Depenyl has become a famous and pertinent medication to treat ageing problems. It is a general drug for people who have exceeded 45 years of age. It treats individuals who are suffering from irrational depletion of dopamine.

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